FIGURES
TABLES
CHEMICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS
ACRONYMSÝ
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYÝ

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Methodology
1.2 Document OverviewÝ
1.3 Conclusions PreviewÝ

2.1 Properties and Characteristics
2.1.1 Forms of Uranium
2.1.2 Radioactivity
2.1.3 Chemical Behavior
2.2 Life Cycle of Uranium and DU
2.2.1 Mining
2.2.2 Enrichmentís Byproduct: Depleted Uranium
2.2.3 Characteristics of DU Used by DoD
2.3 Summary

3.1 Applications
3.2 Army Systems Containing DU
3.3 Acquisition
3.4 System Safety
3.5 Production
3.5.1 General Controls
3.5.2 Procurement Procedures
3.5.3 Manufacture of DU Components
3.6 Army Licenses
3.6.1 Test and Evaluation Command
3.6.2 U.S. Army Combat Systems Test Activity
3.6.3 Jefferson Proving Ground
3.6.4 Yuma Proving Ground
3.6.5 Army Research Laboratory
3.6.6 Watervliet Arsenal
3.6.7 Armament Research, Development and Engineering Center
3.6.8 AMCCOM
3.6.9 Depots and Depot Activities Licensed for DU
3.6.10 Tank Automotive Command
3.6.11 Army Contractors
3.7 DU Ammo Storage
3.8 Ammunition Management
3.9 Transportation
3.9.1 Domestic Transportation
3.9.2 International Transportation
3.10 Demilitarization
3.11 Decontaminating/Decommissioning Army Installations
3.12 Disposal
3.13 Army Radiation Protection Program
3.14 Summary

4.1 Combat Experience
4.2 Retrieval After Combat
4.3 Battlefield Cleanup
4.4 Summary

5.1 Findings of Previous Studies
5.2 Depleted Uranium Characterization
5.3 Experimental Procedures
5.4 Summary

6.1 Radiological and Chemical Toxicity of DU
6.1.1 Health Risks from Radiation
6.1.2 Chemical Toxicity
6.2 Reducing DU Toxicity
6.2.1 Reducing DU Radiological Hazard
6.2.2 Reducing DU Chemical Hazard
6.2.3 Hazard Reduction Using Alternative Materials
6.3 Medical Evaluation of the Effects of DU
6.3.1 Embedded DU Fragments
6.3.2 DU Wound Contamination
6.3.3 Assessment of the Amount of DU Internalized
6.3.4 Medical Training and Guidance
6.4 Potential Hazards and Protective Measures
6.4.1 Army Depot Workers
6.4.2 Armor Combat Crews
6.4.3 Maintenance and Recovery Personnel
6.5 Soldier Hazard Awareness Training
6.6 Summary

7.1 Environmental Transport and Fate
7.1.1 Airborne Transport
7.1.2 Aqueous Transport
7.1.3 Biological Transport
7.2 Effects of DU on the Environment
7.3 U.S. Test Sites
7.4 Southwest Asia Battlefields
7.5 DU Contamination
7.5.1 Remediation Standards
7.5.2 Battlefield Remediation
7.5.3 Remediation Technologies
7.5.4 Army Evaluation of Remediation Technologies
7.6 Protecting the Environment from Long-Term Consequences of the Use of DU
7.6.1 Regulatory Cross Links
7.6.2 Federal Acquisition Regulation
7.6.3 NEPA Documentation
7.6.4 Environmental Assessments
7.6.5 Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement
7.6.6 NRC License Management
7.6.7 Catch Boxes
7.6.8 Demilitarization and Recycling
7.6.9 Disposal
7.7 Summary

8.1 Findings
8.2 Conclusions
8.2.1 General Conclusions
8.2.2 Test Ranges and Battlefields
8.2.3 Environmental Policy
8.2.4 Battlefield Assessment and Remediation
8.3 Caveat Emptor

2-1 The Uranium-238 Daughter Products 10
2-2 The Uranium-235 Daughter Products 11
2-3 Uranium/Depleted Uranium Life Cycle 20
3-1 120 mm DU Round 27
3-2 Defense Systems Acquisition Process 28
3-3 Cartridges that Contain DU Penetrators 39
3-4 Intact and Broken DU Penetrators 43
3-5 Catch Box at USACSTA 44
3-6 Bomb Throwing Device Range 44
3-7 Superbox at Fordís Farm 45
3-8 Decontamination Facility at BTD Range 46
3-9 Uniform Shielding Block 47
3-10 Jefferson Proving Ground 48
3-11 Yuma Proving Ground 50
3-12 Aberdeen Proving Ground 53
3-13 Policies and Procedures Pertaining to DU Handling, Storage and Use 57
3-14 30-Container Pallet of DU Ammunition Rounds 58
3-15 Contaminated Soil Awaiting Disposal at YPG 68
3-16 DU Penetrator in Dense Vegetation at JPG 69
4-1 DU Entry Holes in Bustle 77
4-2 Fire and Detonation Damage 78
4-3 144th Service and Supply Companyís Central Receiving and Storage Point 82
4-4 Iraqi Armored Car 84
4-5 Destroyed Bradley Fighting Vehicle 86
4-6 Packaging of M1 Abrams for Shipping Back to DCF 87
6-1 Embedded DU Fragments 116
7-1 pe-pH Diagram for Uranium 139
7-2 Bacteria Reducing Soluble and Insoluble DU 143
7-3 Terrestrial Pathway at APG and JPG 149
7-4 Aquatic Pathway at APG 150
7-5 Terrestrial Pathway at YPG 151
7-6 DU TRUCleanTM Process 158

2-1 Components of Naturally Occurring Uranium 8
2-2 The Uranium-238 Decay Series 13
2-3 The Uranium-235 Decay Series 15
2-4 Naturally Occurring Uranium Compared with the Depleted Uranium UsedÝby DoD 24
3-1 Environmental Documentation for Army Systems with DU 33
3-2 Depot Maintenance Work Requirements Documentation 64
6-1 Comparison of the Relative Radiation Dose per Unit Mass Internalized, for DU and Other SubstancesÝ 104
6-2 Comparison of the OSHA Time Weighted Average Values for the Elements Listed for Inhalation Exposures 108
6-3 Uranium Content of the Body from Natural Sources 110
7-1 1992 DU Disposal and Recycling Operations at Aberdeen Proving Ground 171